Genetic Analysis of Daily Milk Yield Variability in Holstein Dairy Cattle
Open Access
- Author:
- Moncur, Victoria
- Area of Honors:
- Animal Sciences
- Degree:
- Bachelor of Science
- Document Type:
- Thesis
- Thesis Supervisors:
- Chad Daniel Dechow, Thesis Supervisor
Troy Ott, Thesis Honors Advisor - Keywords:
- dairy cattle
genetics
holstein
heritability
milk yield
variability - Abstract:
- With the increased availability of daily milk yield measurements, data exists for analyses of additional traits that could be related to health and fertility. The objective of this thesis was to determine if day-to-day variation in milk yield is heritable, how it is correlated with daily milk yield (dMY), and how it is correlated with commonly measured production, health, and fertility traits. 789,266 dMY records were retrieved from 5 to 305 days in milk (DIM) for 2,366 lactations among 1,184 Holsteins. dMY was merged with the previous day’s milk yield (pMY) to derive the absolute value of dMY - pMY (ΔABS), and relative change in milk yield (ΔREL), which was ΔABS/pMY. The average ΔREL, ΔABS and dMY for four lactation segments were calculated and included in a series of single-step genomic evaluations in ASReml. Three-trait models with lactation segments of 5 to 50 DIM, 51 to 100 DIM, and 101 to 200 DIM were fit separately for dMY, ΔABS, and ΔREL; this was followed by a series of two-trait models of DIM 5 to 200 with one of 5 to 50 DIM, 51 to 100 DIM, or 101 to 200 DIM for dMY, ΔABS, and ΔREL. Finally, a three-trait model of dMY, ΔABS, and ΔREL from 5 to 200 DIM was fit. The fixed effects included lactation group (lactations 1, 2, ≥3), age at calving, and year-season of calving while the random effects included the genomic relationship effect, permanent environment, and residual error. The genomic relationship matrix was generated with PREGSF90 and included 7007 animals of which 516 had 40K SNP genotypes and phenotypic records. Genomic estimated breeding values (gEBV) for dMY, ΔABS, and ΔREL from 642 cows with genotypes were merged with their official genomic predicted transmitting abilities (gPTA) for several traits from Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding national genetic evaluations. All traits were heritable across all segments with dMY generally having the highest heritability (23% for 5 to 200 DIM) and ΔREL having the lowest (16% for 5 to 200 DIM). Genetic correlations within trait indicated that variable milk yield in early lactation was strongly correlated with variable day-to-day yield for the remainder of lactation. Variation defined as ΔABS was strongly correlated with both dMY (0.73 from 5 to 200 DIM) and ΔREL (0.62 from 5 to 200 DIM), where dMY and ΔREL were independent (-0.08 from 5 to 200 DIM). Higher gEBV for dMY, ΔABS, or ΔREL was unfavorably correlated with gPTA for health and fertility traits such as daughter pregnancy rate or somatic cell score. In conclusion, daily milk yield variability was heritable, and ΔREL was more independent of milk yield than ΔABS. Milk yield variability was also associated with unfavorable health and fertility outcomes. Genome wide association analysis suggests that milk yield variability is largely polygenic but with some influence from major genes.